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Fourteenth-century pictures and literary references in France and Germany compare the sound of the flute to the trombone and trumpet. Pictures show transverse flutes being played outdoors by soldiers together with large bells, drums, bagpipes and trumpets.								Transverse flutes appear rather frequently in the hands of angels in illuminated manuscripts made in Bourges and Paris around the turn of the 15th century. But they seem to have remained familiar only in Germany and France, while unknown in other countries such as Italy.
						The poet/composer Guillaume de Machaut made a distinction between transverse flutes and recorders or other duct flutes, and Eustache Deschamps suggested that the flute led a double life as a soft, indoor instrument, as well as a loud one with military connotations.
			A miniature containing 54 songs by the Minnesinger Johannes Hadlaub shows a 4-stringed fiddler and a transverse flute player holding the instrument to his right, accompanying a singer seated between them. The music in the manuscript is monophonic, but perhaps the instruments doubled the vocal line, or played drones or improvised other parts.
Medieval flute page